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Knowledge: Scientists use ultrasound to improve tissue features in biological 3D printing prototype
Now our effective way to make bioengineering tissue is to embed living cells into 3D print prototype structures. But one challenge is the activity of tissue cells in biological 3D print gels and how engineered tissue is closer to mimicking natural tissue. Researchers from North Carolina State University have developed a method to improve the characteristics of artificial tissue by using ultrasound to target living cells in biological manufacturing.
Biological 3D printed meniscus of human knee joint. Source: North Carolina State University Rohan Shirwaiker
"We have reached the level where we can create medical products, such as knee implants, by printing live cells," said Rohan Shirwaiker, the author of the work paper. He is also an associate professor in the Department of Industry and Systems Engineering at North Carolina State University. "We have now developed a technology called ultrasound-assisted biomanufacturing of (UAB), which allows us to arrange cells in a three-dimensional matrix during biological printing. This allows us to create knee meniscus, for example, more like the patient's original meniscus. So far, we have been able to align cells with a range of engineered musculoskeletal tissue. "
The researchers developed their UAB method using BioAssemblyBot direct ink to write (DIW) 3D bio-printers. To align the cells, they set up an ultrasound chamber that allows ultrasound to print the living cell area through the bio-printer. These waves bounce back from one wall to the other and produce standing-wave ultrasound. Sound waves effectively align cells into rows, and when the structure is printed and the cells are positioned in them, they can be arranged to make a particular pattern and direction.
"We can control the alignment characteristics of cells, such as frequency and amplitude, by controlling the parameters of the ultrasound," Shirwaiker said. To demonstrate the feasibility of the UAB technique, the researchers successfully created the meniscus of the knee, cells arranged in the meniscus, just as they were in the meniscus of the human body. "We can control how cells are printed layer by layer across the entire organization," Shirwaiker said. "We also demonstrated the ability to arrange cells in a way that is particularly important to other plastic soft tissues, such as ligaments and tendons."
One of the advantages of UAB technology is that it is relatively cheap. Shirwaiker said: "setting up ultrasonic equipment requires a one-time cost and can be done using off-the-shelf technology. After that, the operating cost of ultrasonic components can be negligible. UAB technology can be used in combination with most existing bioprinting technologies. "
The team is currently applying for a patent for UAB technology and is looking for industry partners to use it for commercial purposes, according to China's 3D Printer. The paper, ultrasound-assisted biomedicine and biological printing of prioritized three-dimensional cellular constructs, is published in the journal Biology Manufacturing.
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